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Arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is a pathological condition characterized by a long growth of pressure indicators in the arteries of a large circulation of blood circulation.The disease is a sign of diastolic (lower) blood pressure, but in most diagnosed cases, patients have a lasting systolic (upper) increase in pressure.

What pressure should be considered increased

The classification of blood pressure adopted in 1999 is still valid.The following are considered normal:

  • Optimal - less than 120/80 mm Hg.Art.;
  • Physiological standards - less than 130/85 mm hg.Art.;
  • Normal increased - in the range of 130-139/85-89 mm Hg.Art.

The increase in pressure indicates the formation of hypertension.The internal enhancement of pathology looks like this:

  1. Soft (degree I) - 140-159/90-99 mm Hg.Art.
  2. Moderate (II second degree) - 160-179/100-109 hg.Art.
  3. Heavy (Grade III) - above 180/110.

Border weapons are diagnosed with 140-149/90 mm Hg indicators.Art.And down.This is accompanied by episodes of pressure growth and spontaneous stabilization.

Isolated systolic hypertension is diagnosed with 140 and 90 and mm Hg.Art.This type of pathology is characterized by the growth of systolic indicator at the physiological level of diastolic.

AG Classification (Primary, Secondary)

The classification of hypertension is based on several present.When systematization, doctors took into account:

  • Causes of provoking the development of pathology;
  • The target organs were defeated;
  • The current level of blood pressure, etc.

It is common to distinguish depending on etiological factors:

  1. Primary (indispensable).
  2. Secondary (symptomatic) hypertension.

By nature of the passage, the benevolent (slowly developing) and malignant (with the rapid deterioration of the condition) can be distinguished by arterial hypertension.

Secondary (symptomatic) types of hypertension

Secondary (symptomatic) arterial hypertension is a type of disease that develops due to damage to the organs responsible for blood pressure.This is characterized by a stubborn way, the lack of a positive reaction to the hypotensive therapy, and the changes in the target organs, especially the heart, kidney failure, and so on.Formation, etc.

When primary hypertension (basic format) occurs as an independent disease, secondary forms are always a symptom of the main pathology.Arterial hypertension syndrome accompanies quite a significant number of diseases.10 % of all identified cases are diagnosed with prolonged blood pressure increases.

Classification of symptomatic hypertension is based on provoking factors.

Discrimination:

  1. Neurogenic hypertension.Development is due to the central nervous system lesion and related pathologies, such as cerebral tumors.
  2. Nephrogen (vesesi origin).These are divided into interstitial, renoparenchimal, renovascular, mixed and rhinopian forms.
  3. Endocrine Ag. There are adrenal glands, thyroid gland, pituitary gland and menopause formats.
  4. Hemodynamic - provoked by pathologies of the heart and high arterial channels.
  5. Dosage form.Its development is oral contraceptives, glucocorticosteroid agents, etc.Thanks to its use, etc.

The size and resistance of the growth of blood pressure, the severity of changes in the left ventricle and the fundus is the basis of another classification.Doctors distinguish the following types of symptomatic hypertension:

  1. Transition.In the case of pathology, the typically short -term growth of pressure indicators.Changes in the state of the fundus are completely missing.The left ventricle hypertrophy is almost not fixed.
  2. Laby.This is characterized by a moderate increase in blood pressure (no independent decrease).There is a weak left ventricular hypertrophy, which is narrowed by the retinal vessels of the eye.
  3. Stabile.This is constantly accompanied by hypertension.Myocardial thickness, serious violations of the fundus vessels, is diagnosed.
  4. Malicious (uncontrolled).It is accompanied by a sudden increase in blood pressure.The result is unfavorable.

The following forms of symptomatic hypertension are found:

  • Pulmonary hypertension (hypertension of a small circle of blood circulation).It develops as a diagnosis when blood pressure in the pulmonary artery is determined when determined above 25 mm.Rt. Art.
  • Vasorsenal AH is a secondary form of pathology because the kidneys were inadequate blood circulation as a result of impaired arterial permeability.
  • Portal hypertension is a type of symptomatic form of disease accompanied by an increase in pressure within the vein of the gate.
  • The Virsungov channel is high blood pressure.It develops in the background of chronic inflammation of the pancreas.

Consequences and complications

For long flowing hypertension, the target organs are damaged: heart, brain, kidneys and eyes.Violation of the circulatory process can lead to consequences such as:

  • Angina breast attacks,
  • myocardial infarction,
  • Neurological complications, etc.

Important!The development of acute conditions requires reduction in the background of a sharp increase in blood pressure in the first minutes/hours.

Reasons

The causes of the basic form of pathology were not known by the doctors.They indicate a number of theories:

  1. Neurogenic (inheritance).The cause of development is chronic stress, significant emotional shocks and psychological injuries.All this is a failure in the process of neural regulation, increasing the activity of the sympathetic system.As a result, the difference between the signs to all organs and the walls of the vessels.
  2. Bulky salt.Due to impaired processes of excessive fluid and output of certain trace elements.As a result of excessive content of sodium salts, the total amount of blood occurs.The body's experiment to maintain the hemostasis process at the physiological level leads to spasification of small blood vessels.The heart volume of the heart is stabilized, but the total blood pressure rises.

Important!Doctors claim that the cause of AH development is an increase in the activity of the sympathetic system.

The (variable) risk factors modified to provoke the occurrence of arterial hypertension are as follows:

  • Age - Diagnosis of the disease occurs in older people;
  • Bad habits - smoking, alcohol consumption;
  • state of chronic stress;
  • insufficient physical activity;
  • overweight;
  • The presence of concomitant pathologies - diabetes is particularly unfavorable;
  • Excess salt with lack of potassium.

The causes of increasing blood pressure may be different.The active work of the adrenal glands and the genetic level can serve as a provocative factor.

Symptoms

In the early stages of formation, arterial hypertension is asymptomatic.The patient only learns about the presence of a problem after serious complications.

The only sign of pathology can be called the growth of pressure markers.There is no complaint or not concrete at all:

  • headache localized in the forehead and back of the head;
  • dizziness;
  • noise.

The first complaints are based on the background of the target organs.At this stage, observe the following symptoms:

  • Dizziness, with headache, noise - arises as a logical result of circulatory disorders;
  • Starting problems with memorizing information;
  • Numbness of hands/feet;
  • weakness;
  • doubling the visible image;
  • Blinking black dots in the field of vision;
  • speech violation (rarely);
  • Nephropathy.

Symptoms are characterized by final stages.They come at the beginning of the pathology.

With heart damage, the left ventricle (LV) becomes hypertrophic.The reason for the change is the body's compensation reaction, which allows stabilization of increased loads on the wall.The increase in chamber is due to an increase in the number of cardiomyocytes.As the condition worsens, the heart chambers expanded.

Such damage to the organ may occur in the form of:

  • The formation of heart failure,
  • Sudden cardiac arrest,
  • ischemic disease,
  • stomach rhythm disorders,
  • heart asthma,
  • Strong shortness of breath during loads.

Important!Cardi pain against AG background develops during absolute rest or as a result of emotional overvoltage.A typical feature is that it is unable to stop the attack with a glycerin tablet.

If the kidneys are injured, the presence of protein in the urine can be observed.The appearance of blood contamination is not excluded.The likelihood of kidney failure is minimal.

arterial hypertension urine analysis

The main clinical sign of arterial hypertension is headache.It appears at any time of the day, but most often in the morning.The patient may be felt like blasting or pain.The location of the head is the back of the head, but the spread of the head to other areas cannot be ruled out.Improves pain during tilt and cough.It can occur as a response to stressful situations, physical tension.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of the disease is used to solve the following problems:

  • Creating pathology, determining the current degree;
  • identification of the origin of hypertension (primary/secondary form);
  • implementation of differential diagnostics;
  • Determine the presence/deficiency of target organ damage.

During your personal conversation with the patient, the doctor will find out the necessary points:

  1. There are diseases in the immediate environment.
  2. How often the pressure is recorded.
  3. There is a medical history chronic diseases in the patient, etc.

The body mass index (BMI) is calculated.Obesity is one of the potential provocatives of hypertension formation.

After the check is completed, blood pressure is measured.To determine the degree of arterial hypertension, the patient's performance is the performance of the blood pressure profile, ie the measurements for the patients alone.4 Measurements should be done: two in the morning and two in the evening, one after another for a few days.

The results must be included in the table.If the indicators exceed 140/90 Hg Hg.Art., We can talk about the presence of arterial hypertension.

Occasionally brush (daily observation of blood pressure) is prescribed.The technique is presented when the patient's measurements remain normal, but other symptoms of the disease occur.

Important!SMAD is a multiple measurement of blood pressure for a full day.The measurements are made by a special device.

It is prescribed to determine the real cause of arterial hypertension and to determine the damage to the target organism:

  • Examination of the VESA system.Includes urine study - a general test.The VESA system is re -trical, with the introduction of a radioactive isotope.
  • Heart test.The ECG is used (the electrocardiogram shows the increase of road R), echocardiography (allows the signs of the abnormal increase in the left ventricle and other transformations).
  • Ophthalmic examination of the eye.The sign of the disease is visual impregnation of blood vessels and closure.The bleeding is not excluded.
  • Ultrasound of the thyroid gland and adrenal glands.
  • Blood test is a general test and expanded biochemistry.

Differential diagnosis (DIF) should be diagnosed with the secondary form of hypertension.Passes through two stages:

  • Analysis of the clinical picture, forming complaints, especially physical examination of the patient, auscultation, instrumental/laboratory tests;
  • Diagnostic measures that allow the functional condition of the organs and the evaluation of existing changes, especially to remove the cardiogram.

The methods taken into account help confirm the diagnosis, to determine the origin of the disease and to select the therapy for the right condition.

Treatment

Treatment of hypertension begins with a review of lifestyle and non -drug therapy.The exception is secondary hypertension.

Medication of arterial hypertension requires the following groups of drugs:

  1. Diuretics.Medicines have a positive effect on the cardiovascular condition.The bet is not accompanied by the development of side effects.The therapy of the disease begins with diuretics (contraindication - diabetes and gout).The background of the treatment is the amount of urine removed by the kidneys and, accordingly, the excess water and sodium salts increase.Diuretics are prescribed in combination with other hypertension.
  2. Alpha blockers.Medicines are distinguished by good tolerance.They do not affect the level of blood sugar.Ensure the reduction of blood pressure with a slight increase in pulse (frequency of myocardial contraction).The occurrence of orthostatic hypotension at the onset of treatment with the drugs of Group E becomes a side effect.It is advisable to take pre -bedding medicine to exclude development.
  3. Beta-blockers.Reduce the heart rate accompanied by a reduction in blood pressure.
  4. ACE inhibitor.Modern drugs are distinguished by a high therapeutic effect and good tolerance.In the background of the use of funds in the patient's body, the form of angiotensin II - a hormone that does not provide provoking the narrowing of blood vessels.As a result, the peripheral blood vessels expand and the heart operates in a calmer rhythm.Blood pressure is reduced.
  5. Antagonists angiotensin-II.Medicines also block angiotensin II.They are appointed if it is impossible to get ace inhibitors.
  6. Calcium antagonists.Medicines expand the gaps of blood vessels, thus preventing stroke.The drugs have an excellent therapeutic effect and can be well tolerated.Have a small list of contraindications.It is most often prescribed as part of complex therapy.

It is strictly forbidden to stop treatment even after stabilization of blood pressure.In this case, the disease will advance again, which negatively affects the state of the target organ.In addition, the risk of developing heart attacks and stroke is significantly increased.

Treatment of the disease is done on an outpatient basis: the patient is taking self -chosen drugs.Hospital care is only recommended in severe cases.

Treatment of pathology provides massage while taking medicines.The procedures contribute not only to reduce pressure but also to the general strengthening of the body, improve the activity of the cardiovascular system, etc.More information on the various types of massage in this article: Massage with high pressure - classic, dot and other effective methods.

Nutrition

Compliance with the principles of dietary nutrition is one of the important stages to stabilize blood pressure.Diet 10 is recommended for hypertension.

Diet 5 should be followed during the initial stages of pathology (AH 1 degree).This requires restrictions on the use of desktop salt.With the deterioration of the state and the development of the violations of the heart and vascular system, it is recommended to switch to diet 5

If the disease is complicated by atherosclerosis, diet 10.The diet should include high foods of dietary fibers, vegetable fats and proteins.

The list of authorized products will be shown in the following positions:

  • Bread - wheat, rye, whole grain, bran.No -love baking, baking.
  • Vegetable soups season with cereals.
  • The meal's meal types: poultry, rabbit.Let it boil and bake.
  • Sea/river fish.Seafood.
  • Seasonal vegetables.You can make the stew from them.
  • Sour -milk products and low -fat cottage cheese.Low greasy sour cream (placed in a container).
  • Soft eggs (up to 3 weekly).
  • Milk and tomato sauce.
  • Croatian, pasta.
  • Oil (for adding a finished dish).
  • Fruits/berries (in any form).It can be used to make compots, jelly, jelly.
  • Years, tea with milk, lace wager.

Completely excluded from the diet:

  • Freshly baked bread, soba, complicated cakes.
  • Favarous broth.
  • Greasy meat.
  • Smoked meats, sausages.
  • Fish (salty/smoked), caviar.
  • Fat sauce, cheeses, cream.
  • Spring, radish, spinach, horseradish, mushrooms.
  • Ice cream, chocolate, sweets, strong tea, coffee.

Salt consumption should be significantly reduced.

Salt with arterial high blood pressure

Prevention

Prevention of the disease is not specific.Standard recommendations:

  1. Follow the principles of dietary nutrition, except for the amount of each product significantly or significantly reduced.Reduce the consumption of animal salt and fats.It is advisable to suck the food at all during cooking.You should leave the fat/sharp/fried foods.
  2. Daily physical activity according to the age group.The performance of gymnastics improves human well -being.We recommend that you take part in running, walking, swimming, gym, and breathing exercises.At the beginning of the classes, the body must receive a minimal load.It should be increased gradually.
  3. Normalization of weight is a prerequisite for successful prevention.
  4. You need to learn how to check stressful situations, as it is precisely violation of the work of the central nervous system, which doctors call almost the main causes of the disease.Autotoring, meditation, and hypnosis in itself help.
  5. Complete rejection of bad habits.Smoking and alcohol are also able to provoke pathology.

Pathophysiology sees arterial hypertone as one of the most serious pathologies, not only the patient's quality of life but also death.This is the reason why, when episodes of increased blood pressure appear, special consultation should be concluded and treatment should be started if necessary.